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Инвалиды - не политкоректно

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'''Полити́ческая корре́ктность''', '''политкорре́ктность''' ({{Lang-en|political correctness}}) — термин для языковых практик, предназначенных для того, чтобы не оскорблять или иным образом не ставить в неудобное положение уязвимые группы людей<ref>For definitions, see:
* {{cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/politically-correct|title='politically correct' definition|website=[[Кембриджский словарь]]|access-date=2016-03-14|archive-date=2021-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406011704/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/politically-correct|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/political_correctness|title=Definition of ''political correctness'' in English|publisher=[[Oxford Dictionaries]]|accessdate=2017-01-01|archive-date=2019-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413091703/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/political_correctness|url-status=live}}
* {{cite dictionary|title='Politically Correct' definition|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/politically%20correct|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]|accessdate=2017-10-07|archive-date=2021-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020073401/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/politically%20correct|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gibson">{{cite news|last1=Gibson|first1=Caitlin|title=How 'politically correct' went from compliment to insult|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/how-politically-correct-went-from-compliment-to-insult/2016/01/13/b1cf5918-b61a-11e5-a76a-0b5145e8679a_story.html|accessdate=2017-10-07|agency=[[The Washington Post]]|date=2016-01-13|archivedate=2021-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626145017/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/how-politically-correct-went-from-compliment-to-insult/2016/01/13/b1cf5918-b61a-11e5-a76a-0b5145e8679a_story.html}}</ref><ref name=Kohl>{{cite journal|last1=Kohl|first1=Herbert|title= Uncommon Differences: On Political Correctness, Core Curriculum and Democracy in Education|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_lion-and-the-unicorn_1992-06_16_1/page/n10|journal=[[The Lion and the Unicorn (journal)|The Lion and the Unicorn]]|date=1992|volume=16|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1353/uni.0.0216 }}</ref><ref name="Florence">{{cite journal|last1=Florence|first1=Joshua|title=A Phrase in Flux: The History of Political Correctness|journal=[[Harvard Political Review]]|date=2015-10-30|url=http://harvardpolitics.com/united-states/phrase-flux-history-political-correctness/|accessdate=2017-10-07|archive-date=2020-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822071043/https://harvardpolitics.com/united-states/phrase-flux-history-political-correctness/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Chow>{{cite news|last1=Chow|first1=Kat|title='Politically Correct': The Phrase Has Gone From Wisdom To Weapon|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/12/14/505324427/politically-correct-the-phrase-has-gone-from-wisdom-to-weapon|accessdate=2017-10-07|publisher=[[National Public Radio]] ([[National Public Radio]])|date=2016-12-14|archivedate=2021-10-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011171717/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/12/14/505324427/politically-correct-the-phrase-has-gone-from-wisdom-to-weapon}}</ref> ([[Национальное меньшинство|национальные меньшинства]], [[ЛГБТ]], [[Инвалидность|людей с инвалидностью]] и так далее) и не провоцировать конфликтов.

Термин иногда используется как [[пейоратив]], при этом подразумевается, что обсуждаемые практики являются избыточными или необоснованными. В то же время, напротив, распространена идея о необходимости политкорректного общения для создания комфортной социальной среды<ref name=Friedman>{{cite book |last1= Friedman|first1=Marilyn|authorlink1=Marilyn Friedman|last2=Narveson|first2=Jan|authorlink2=Jan Narveson |title= Political correctness : for and against|date=1995|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|location=[[Lanham, Maryland|Lanham]] |isbn= 978-0847679867|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lnU9pMbHk0sC|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=Kohl/><ref name="Schultz-1993a">{{Cite book |first=Debra L. |last=Schultz |year=1993 |title=To Reclaim a Legacy of Diversity: Analyzing the 'Political Correctness' Debates in Higher Education |location=New York |work=National Council for Research on Women |isbn=978-1880547137 |url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED364170.pdf }} {{Wayback|url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED364170.pdf |date=20210310085256 }}</ref><ref name="Charles-Wartella">{{cite journal | title=Media Coverage of the "Political Correctness" Debate | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-communication_spring-1992_42_2/page/83 |last=Whitney |first=D. Charles |last2=Wartella |first2=Ellen |lastauthoramp=yes | journal=[[Journal of Communication]] | year=1992 | volume=42 | issue=2 |pages=83 | doi = 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00780.x }}</ref><ref name=Duignan>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=60GOfMRZCAAC |last1=Duignan|first1=Peter |last2=Gann |first2=L.H.|title=Political correctness|date=1995|publisher=[[Гуверовский институт]] – [[Стэнфордский университет]] |location=Stanford, [Calif.]|isbn=978-0817937430|accessdate=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=Hughes>{{cite book |last=Hughes|first=Geoffrey|title=Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and Culture|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books/about/Political_Correctness.html?id=TDi-l-bsBZoC|at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzw9WabmmVwC&pg=PT50&dq=%221975+-+Peter+Fuller%22 1975 – Peter Fuller] |year= 2011|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-1444360295|chapter=Origins of the Phrase}}</ref>. Начиная с 1980-х годов, «политическая корректность» также может означать использование «[[инклюзивный язык|инклюзивного языка]]» и избегание слов и действий, оскорбляющих отдельные группы населения.

== История ==
Фраза появилась в 1970-х годах и на протяжении 1970—1980-х годов использовалась [[Левые|левыми]] для самокритической иронии, она не подразумевала серьёзное политическое понятие<ref name="Schultz-1993a" /><ref name="Perry-1992a">Ruth Perry, (1992), «A Short History of the Term 'Politically Correct'», in ''Beyond PC: Toward a Politics of Understanding'', by Patricia Aufderheide, 1992, {{ISBN|978-1555971649}}</ref><ref name="SchultzPerry">Schultz citing Perry (1992) p. 16</ref><ref name="willis">[[Ellen Willis|Willis, Ellen]]. «Toward a Feminist Revolution», in ''No More Nice Girls: Countercultural Essays'' (1992) [[Wesleyan University Press]], {{ISBN|081955250X}}, p. 19.</ref>. Фраза была своеобразной шуткой для посвящённых и применялась в отношении тех, кто излишне строго придерживался общепринятых практик<ref name="Hall">{{cite web |first=Stuart |last=Hall |authorlink=Stuart Hall (cultural theorist) |date=1994 |url=http://www.ram-wan.net/restrepo/hall/some%20politically%20incorrect%20pathways.pdf |title=Some 'Politically Incorrect' Pathways Through PC |work=S. Dunant (ed.) The War of the Words: The Political Correctness Debate |pages=164–84 |access-date=2020-08-23 |archive-date=2021-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719135226/https://www.ram-wan.net/restrepo/hall/some%20politically%20incorrect%20pathways.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>.

Современное пейоративное использование фразы «политическая корректность» появилось в рамках консервативной критики [[Новые левые|Новых левых]] в конце XX века. Такое использование было популяризовано несколькими статьями в ''[[The New York Times]]'' и других СМИ в 1990-х<ref name="Bernstein">{{cite news|last1=Bernstein|first1=Richard|title=Ideas & Trends: The Rising Hegemony of the Politically Correct|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/28/weekinreview/ideas-trends-the-rising-hegemony-of-the-politically-correct.html?pagewanted=all|authorlink=Richard Bernstein|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1990-10-28|accessdate=2020-08-23|archivedate=2021-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012023341/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/28/weekinreview/ideas-trends-the-rising-hegemony-of-the-politically-correct.html?pagewanted=all}}</ref><ref name="McFadden1991">{{cite news|last1=McFadden|first1=Robert D.|title=Political Correctness: New Bias Test?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/05/us/political-correctness-new-bias-test.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1991-05-05|accessdate=2020-08-23|archivedate=2021-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023033910/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/05/us/political-correctness-new-bias-test.html}}</ref><ref name="Berman1992">{{cite book|last1=Berman|first1=edited by Paul|title=Debating P.C. : the controversy over political correctness on college campuses|date=1992|isbn=978-0307801784 |page= Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/?id=6XflI-OaALAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Berman%20Debating%20PC}}</ref><ref name="Heteren1997">{{cite book|last1=Heteren|first1=Annette Gomis van|title=Political correctness in context : the PC controversy in America|date=1997|publisher=[[Universidad de Almería]], Servicio de Publicaciones |location=[[Альмерия]]|isbn=978-8482400839 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=s1qRWJESNbsC|page=148}}</ref><ref name="Smith1999">{{cite book|last1=Smith |first1=Dorothy E.|title=Writing the social : critique, theory, and investigations|date=1999|publisher=[[Издательство Торонтского университета]]|location=Toronto (Ont.)|isbn=978-0802081353 |page=175 |edition=Repr.|url=https://books.google.com/?id=XICxNH7EH_MC|accessdate=22 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Schwartz">{{cite journal|last1=Schwartz|first1=Howard S.|title=Psychodynamics of Political Correctness|journal=[[Journal of Applied Behavioral Science]]|date=1997|volume=33|issue=2|pages=133–49|doi=10.1177/0021886397332003|url=http://www.sba.oakland.edu/faculty/schwartz/pcjabs.htm|accessdate=2015-10-21|archive-date=2009-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003123819/http://www.sba.oakland.edu/faculty/schwartz/PCJABS.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>. Оно распространилось во время общественных дискуссий по поводу книги [[Блум, Алан|Алана Блума]] «{{Iw|Закрытие американского разума||en|The Closing of the American Mind}}» (1987)<ref name="Schultz-1993a" /><ref name="Bloom">{{cite book|last1=Bellow|first1=Allan Bloom; foreword by Saul|title=The closing of the American mind|date=1988|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0671657154 |edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/?id=AMuZvBwfRYMC}}</ref><ref name="Robinson2000">{{cite book |last1=Robinson|first1=Sally|title=Marked men white masculinity in crisis|date=2000|publisher=[[Издательство Колумбийского университета]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0231500364|pages=17, 55–86|url=https://books.google.com/?id=1fA5eFUAO_AC}}</ref>. В 1990-х термин широко использовался в «[[культурная война|культурных войнах]]» между американскими [[Современный либерализм в США|либералами]] и [[Консерватизм в США|консерваторами]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/the-personality-of-political-correctness/|title=The Personality of Political Correctness; The idea of political correctness is central to the culture wars of American politics|first=Scott Barry|last=Kaufman|work=[[Scientific American]]|date=2016-11-20|accessdate=2016-12-02|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927222216/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/the-personality-of-political-correctness/|archive-date=2019-09-27}}</ref>.

== Критика термина ==
По мнению критиков, консерваторы используют термин «политическая корректность», чтобы отвлечь внимание от [[Дискриминация|дискриминации]] по отношению к уязвимым группам населения<ref name="Wilson">Wilson, John. 1995. ''[[iarchive:isbn 9780822317135|The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on High Education]].'' Durham, North Carolina: [[Duke University Press]]. p. 26.</ref><ref name="Messer–Davidow">{{cite journal |last=Messer-Davidow |first=Ellen |date=1995 |title=Manufacturing the Attack on Liberalized Higher Education: The Humanities and Society in the 1990s }}</ref><ref name="mink">{{cite news|last1=Mink|first1=Eric|title=Trump's Political-Correctness Con Job|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-mink/trumps-political-correctn_b_12316240.html|work=[[HuffPost]]|accessdate=2016-11-08|date=2016-10-06|archivedate=2017-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019083630/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-mink/trumps-political-correctn_b_12316240.html}}</ref>. Также утверждается, что [[правые]] и сами продвигают терминологические изменения, аналогичные тому, что критикуется ими как «политическая корректность», но уже с целью подавления критики их идеологии<ref name="WilsonConservativeCorrectness">«Conservative Correctness» chapter, in Wilson, John. 1995. ''[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822317135 The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on Higher Education].'' Durham, North Carolina: [[Duke University Press]]. p. 57.</ref><ref name="DonWilliams">{{cite web |url=http://www.mach2.com/williams/index.php?t=1&c=20060602120901 |title=Don Williams comments – Dixie Chicks Were Right |accessdate=2017-05-20 |website=mach2.com |archive-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132346/http://www.mach2.com/williams/index.php?t=1&c=20060602120901 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Krugman">{{cite news|last=Krugman|first=Paul|title=The New Political Correctness|url=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/26/the-new-political-correctness/|authorlink=Paul Krugman|accessdate=2013-02-17|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=2012-05-26|archivedate=2013-03-27|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130327082408/https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/26/the-new-political-correctness/}}</ref>.

== См. также ==
* [[Афроамериканцы#История эвфемизмов]]
* [[Терминология для обозначения гомосексуальности]]
* [[Новая этика (Россия)]]
* [[Эвфемизм]]

== Примечания ==
{{примечания}}

{{перевести|en|Political correctness}}

[[Категория:Политика]]
[[Категория:Права меньшинств]]
[[Категория:Социолингвистика]]

Политическая корректность - История изменений

imported>Har2mony: Инвалиды - не политкоректно